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Hi! That's an interjection. :-)

Interjections like er and um are also known as "hesitation devices". They are extremely common in English. People use them when they don't know what to say, or to indicate that they are thinking about what to say. You should learn to recognize them when you hear them and realize that they have no real meaning.

Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.

The table below shows some interjections with examples.

interjection	meaning	example
ah	expressing pleasure	"Ah, that feels good."
	expressing realization	"Ah, now I understand."
	expressing resignation	"Ah well, it can't be heped."
	expressing surprise	"Ah! I've won!"
alas	expressing grief or pity	"Alas, she's dead now."
dear	expressing pity	"Oh dear! Does it hurt?"
	expressing surprise	"Dear me! That's a surprise!"
eh	asking for repetition	"It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today."
	expressing enquiry	"What do you think of that, eh?"
	expressing surprise	"Eh! Really?"
	inviting agreement	"Let's go, eh?"
er	expressing hesitation	"Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."
hello, hullo	expressing greeting	"Hello John. How are you today?"
	expressing surprise	"Hello! My car's gone!"
hey	calling attention	"Hey! look at that!"
	expressing surprise, joy etc	"Hey! What a good idea!"
hi	expressing greeting	"Hi! What's new?"
hmm	expressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement	"Hmm. I'm not so sure."
oh, o	expressing surprise	"Oh! You're here!"
	expressing pain	"Oh! I've got a toothache."
	expressing pleading	"Oh, please say 'yes'!"
ouch	expressing pain	"Ouch! That hurts!"
uh	expressing hesitation	"Uh...I don't know the answer to that."
uh-huh	expressing agreement	"Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."
um, umm	expressing hesitation	"85 divided by 5 is...um...17."
well	expressing surprise	"Well I never!"
	introducing a remark	"Well, what did he say?"

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents [hide] 1 Form 2 Grammatical unit 3 Grammatical function 4 See also 5 References

In grammar, a noun phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers.^[1]

Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, but some languages like Tuscarora and Cayuga have been argued^{[by whom?]} to lack this category.

[edit] Form

Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("premodified" If the modifier is placed before the noun; "postmodified" if the modifier is placed after the noun). Possible modifiers include:

• determiners: articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), numerals (two, five, etc.), possessives (my, their, etc.), and quantifiers (some, many, etc.). In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;
• adjectives (the red ball); or
• complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics), or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round);
• modifiers; pre-modifiers if placed before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady), or post-modifiers if placed after the noun. A postmodifier may be either a prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative clause (the house where I live). The difference between modifiers and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun; complements are necessary, whereas modifiers are optional because they just give additional information about the noun.

Noun phrases can make use of an apposition structure. This means that the elements in the noun phrase are not in a head-modifier relationship, but in a relation of equality. An example of this is I, Caesar, declare ..., where "Caesar" and "I" do not modify each other.

The head of a noun phrase can be implied, as in "The Bold and the Beautiful" or Robin Hood's "rob from the rich and give to the poor"; an implied noun phrase is most commonly used as a generic plural referring to human beings.^[2]

That noun phrases can be headed by elements other than nouns — for instance, pronouns (They came) or determiners ((I'll take these)) — has given rise to the postulation of a determiner phrase instead of a noun phrase. The English language is not as permissive as some other languages, with regard to possible heads of noun phrases. German, for instance, allows adjectives as heads of noun phrases^{[citation needed]}, as in Gib mir die alten for Give me the olds (i.e. old ones).

[edit] Grammatical unit

In English, for some purposes, noun phrases can be treated as single grammatical units. This is most noticeable in the syntax of the English genitive case. In a phrase such as The king of Sparta's wife, the possessive clitic "-'s" is not added to the king who actually has the wife, but instead to Sparta, as the end of the whole phrase. The clitic modifies the entire phrase the king of Sparta.

[edit] Grammatical function

Noun phrases are prototypically used for acts of reference as in "The blonde girl shouts" or "She kissed the man". Also possible, but found less often, is the use of noun phrases for predication, as in "Suzy is a blonde girl". Note that in English the use of the copula is indicates the use of a noun phrase as predicate, but other languages may not require the use of the copula. Finally, noun phrases are used for identifications like "The murderer was the butler", where no ascription is taking place. The possibility for a noun phrase to play the role of subject and predicate leads to the constructions of syllogisms.

[edit] See also

• English noun phrase
• Nominal group

[edit] References

Specific references:

General references:

This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (November 2008)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents [hide] 1 Form 2 Grammatical unit 3 Grammatical function 4 See also 5 References

In grammar, a noun phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase whose head is a noun or a pronoun, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers.^[1]

Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, but some languages like Tuscarora and Cayuga have been argued^{[by whom?]} to lack this category.

[edit] Form

Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("premodified" If the modifier is placed before the noun; "postmodified" if the modifier is placed after the noun). Possible modifiers include:

• determiners: articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), numerals (two, five, etc.), possessives (my, their, etc.), and quantifiers (some, many, etc.). In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;
• adjectives (the red ball); or
• complements, in the form of a prepositional phrase (such as: the student of physics), or a That-clause (the claim that the earth is round);
• modifiers; pre-modifiers if placed before the noun and usually either as nouns (the university student) or adjectives (the beautiful lady), or post-modifiers if placed after the noun. A postmodifier may be either a prepositional phrase (the man with long hair) or a relative clause (the house where I live). The difference between modifiers and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun; complements are necessary, whereas modifiers are optional because they just give additional information about the noun.

Noun phrases can make use of an apposition structure. This means that the elements in the noun phrase are not in a head-modifier relationship, but in a relation of equality. An example of this is I, Caesar, declare ..., where "Caesar" and "I" do not modify each other.

The head of a noun phrase can be implied, as in "The Bold and the Beautiful" or Robin Hood's "rob from the rich and give to the poor"; an implied noun phrase is most commonly used as a generic plural referring to human beings.^[2]

That noun phrases can be headed by elements other than nouns — for instance, pronouns (They came) or determiners ((I'll take these)) — has given rise to the postulation of a determiner phrase instead of a noun phrase. The English language is not as permissive as some other languages, with regard to possible heads of noun phrases. German, for instance, allows adjectives as heads of noun phrases^{[citation needed]}, as in Gib mir die alten for Give me the olds (i.e. old ones).

[edit] Grammatical unit

In English, for some purposes, noun phrases can be treated as single grammatical units. This is most noticeable in the syntax of the English genitive case. In a phrase such as The king of Sparta's wife, the possessive clitic "-'s" is not added to the king who actually has the wife, but instead to Sparta, as the end of the whole phrase. The clitic modifies the entire phrase the king of Sparta.

[edit] Grammatical function

Noun phrases are prototypically used for acts of reference as in "The blonde girl shouts" or "She kissed the man". Also possible, but found less often, is the use of noun phrases for predication, as in "Suzy is a blonde girl". Note that in English the use of the copula is indicates the use of a noun phrase as predicate, but other languages may not require the use of the copula. Finally, noun phrases are used for identifications like "The murderer was the butler", where no ascription is taking place. The possibility for a noun phrase to play the role of subject and predicate leads to the constructions of syllogisms.

[edit] See also

• English noun phrase
• Nominal group

[edit] References

Specific references:

General references:

This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (November 2008)

Adjectives add detail to sentences by telling information about nouns and pronouns. Participles, participle phrases, prepositional phrases, and clauses can all act as adjectives and are marked with brackets.

1. Adjectives affect the meaning of nouns and pronouns.

Example: Kate is the [youngest] player on the team.

The word “youngest” tells about the noun “Kate.”

2. Proper adjectives begin with capital letters. They are formed from proper nouns or proper nouns used as adjectives.

Example:

Our [Canadian] neighbors .told. /us/ {about Canada}.
The [Lion’s] coach .was. {once} a [great] \quarterback\.

3. Many adjectives used for describing are formed by adding -d, -ed, or -ing to verbs. These adjectives are called participles. Participles may be alone or part of a phrase. They can be placed before or after the words they modify.

Example with stopped:

The rain, [having stopped suddenly], .washed. {away} the [narrow] /bridge/.
The [old] truck, [stopped by the road], .began. to move {forward}.
4. The articles a, an, and the are always adjectives. However, they are unmarked as adjectives in sentences.

Example: The manager .is. an \engineer\ and a \friend\ [of the family].

5. Adjectives may be compound:

Example: I .had. a [cool] and [refreshing] /bath/.

6. Possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives.

Examples:

[Marty’s] car .is. [this] \one\.

[Each] boy .has. [his] [own] /room/.

7. A word used as an adjective can also be used as another part of speech.

Examples:

Dad .will rake. the yard. (rake is a verb)
The rake .is. {in the garage}. (rake is a noun)
A [rake] factory .is. {down the street} {from us}. (rake is an adjective)

\Predicate Adjectives\

A predicate adjective is an adjective found in the predicate part of a sentence. In “Horses are \strong\,” strong is a predicate adjective because it follows .are., the verb. Predicate adjectives are marked with back slashes because they are complements.

1. An adjective that completes the verb and modifies the subject is a predicate adjective.

Examples:

[His] shirt .is. \blue\.
[This] course .is. \difficult\.
You .look. \tired\.

2. Predicate adjectives complete linking verbs.

Examples of linking verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, become, seem, feel, appear, look, taste, sound, smell, and grow.

3. Predicate adjectives might be compound.

Examples:

[This] roll .is. \dry\, \hard\, and \cold\.
You .look. \tired\ and \sleepy\.

4. Predicate adjectives are marked with back \slashes\, and regular adjectives are marked with [brackets]

You .can follow. the [yellow] [brick] /road/.
The road [ahead] .is. \wide\ and \flat\.

Exercise, Lesson 16

Instructions: Read, study, and memorize the key teaching points regarding this lesson. When you can recall and discuss the information with understanding, take the test.

What to learn about Adjectives:

1. Adjectives add details to sentences by telling information about nouns and pronouns.

2. Participles, participle phrases, prepositional phrases, and clauses can all act as adjectives.

3. Predicate adjectives are marked with back \slashes\, and regular adjectives are marked with [brackets].

4. Adjectives modify the meaning of nouns and pronouns.

5. Proper adjectives begin with capital letters. They are formed from proper nouns or proper nouns used as adjectives.

6. Participles are formed by adding -d, -ed, or -ing to verbs.

7. A participle may be part of a phrase and can be placed before or after the word it modifies.

9. Adjectives may be compound.

11. A word used as an adjective can also be used as another part of speech.

What to learn about predicate adjectives:

12. A predicate adjective is an adjective found in the predicate part of a sentence.

13. An adjective that completes the verb and modifies the subject is a predicate adjective.

14. Predicate adjectives complete linking verbs.

15. Predicate adjectives might be compound.

Test, Lesson 16

Instructions: Write the sentences on a separate sheet of paper and answer all of the questions.

1. What do adjectives do in a sentence and how are they marked?

2. What other elements in sentences can act as adjectives?

3. What do adjectives effect in sentences?

4. Write two sentences using common adjectives.

5. Write two sentences using proper adjectives.

6. How are many describing adjectives formed?

7. What are describing adjectives called?

8. Where can describing adjectives be placed in a sentence?

9. What part do articles play in sentences and how are they marked?

10. Write two sentences using compound adjectives.

11. Which nouns and pronouns can be used as adjectives?

12. What is a predicate adjective and where is it found?

13. What does a predicate adjective do in a sentence?

14. Write two sentences using predicates.

15. Which part of speech does the predicative complete?

16. Write two sentences using compound predicate adjectives.

Instructions: Mark the subjects, verbs, objects, complements, and adjectives in the following sentences.

1. Did your brother wear his blue coat to work?

2. Gentle waves splashed against the stationary ship.

3. Six young children were playing {in the hot sun}.

4. Salt water entered the boat {through a small hole} {in its bottom}.

5. A large green garbage truck blocked the narrow driveway

6. Trinity’s team played an exciting game.

7. Many senior citizens enjoy music the same as young people.

8. How come you wore a heavy coat and thick gloves {in this weather}?

9. Yellow corn meal is usually more expensive than white.

10. Jerry’s twenty-two year old cousin has a two year old child.

Marking Sentences

Instructions: Mark the subjects, verbs, objects, complements, and adjectives in the following sentences.

1. After dinner they became tired and sleepy.

2. He will resign tomorrow morning.

3. The men were sick, tired, and hungry.

4. His pulse was getting weaker and weaker {by the minute}.

5. It was a long day, but they finally completed the tough job.

6. Mike was nervous and desperate {during the test}.

7. There was a peculiar smell coming {from the brown rubbish can}.

8. {When the lights went out}, the street became dark and gloomy.

9. His hands were weak and tired {from many years} {of hard work}.

10. His favorite flag is red, white, and blue.

.Verbs. have different forms. The forms of verbs change to show the time when things happen. The different forms can tell whether something has happened in the present, in the past, or will happen in the future. The verb .walk. can can be used to illustrate time changes. It shows the simple tense of verbs.

The grammatical term for “time” is tense.

1. A verb in the present tense shows present time.

2. A verb in the past tense shows past time.

3. A verb in the future tense shows future time.

I walk to school: in the present

I walked to school: in the past

I will walk to school: in the future

Instructions: Study the following lessons. They show how tenses are organized. Words used with verbs can show the subject in three different ways:

1. First person: the speaker

2. Second person: the person spoken to

3. Third person: the person spoken of or about

The simple tenses can show both single and plural subjects in first person, second person, and third person.

VERB FORMS SINGULAR

Present Tense:

1. First person: I walk

2. Second person: you walk

3. Third person: he walks

Past Tense:

1. First person: I walked

2. Second person: you walked

3. Third person: he walked

Future Tense:.

1. First person: I will walk

2. Second person: you will walk

3. Third person: he will walk

In third person singular, he, she, and it, or another noun may be used:

She will walk It will walk Sam will walk

VERB FORMS PLURAL

Present Tense:

1. First person: we walk

2. Second person: you walk

3. Third person: they walk

Past Tense:

1. First person: we walked

2. Second person: you walked

3. Third person: they walked

Future Tense:

1. First person: we will walk

2. Second person: you will walk

3. Third person: they will walk

Exercise, Lesson 10

Verb Forms

Instructions: Read, study, and memorize the key teaching points regarding this lesson. When you can recall and discuss the information with understanding, take the test.

What to learn about verb forms:

1. The forms of verbs change to show the time when things happen.

2. The different forms can tell whether something happened in the present, in the past, or will happen in the future.

3. A verb in the present tense shows present time. A verb in the past tense shows past time. A verb in the future tense shows future time.

4. The simple tenses can show both single and plural subjects in first person, second person, and third person.

5. In third person singular, he, she, and it, or another noun may be used.

Lesson 10, Test 1

Instructions: Write the sentences on a separate sheet of paper and answer all of the questions.

1. Why do verb forms change?

2. What .do. the [different] forms [of verbs] .tell?

3. What is the grammatical term for “time?”

4. A verb in the present tense shows what?

5. A verb in the past tense shows what?

6. A verb in the future tense shows what?

7. First person means what?

8. Second person means what?

9. Third person means what?

10. What can simple tense show about verbs?

SINGULAR VERB FORMS

Instructions: Write one short sentence for each of the single forms.

Present Tense:

1. First person:

2. Second person:

3. Third person:

Past Tense:

1. First person:

2. Second person:

3.Third person:

Future Tense:

1. First person:

2. Second person:

3. Third person:

Instructions: Write one sentence for each of the following verb forms:

PLURAL VERB FORMS

Present Tense:

1. First person:

2. Second person:

3. Third person:

Past Tense:

1. First person:

2. Second person:

3. Third person:

Future Tense:

1. First person:

2. Second person:

3. Third person:

Test 2

Singular

Instructions: Draw a line to match each verb form with the correct tense.

Optional (You may look back for the answers.)

Present Tense:

1. First person: you walk

2. Second person: I walk

3. Third person: he walks

Past Tense:.

1. First person: he walked

2. Second person: you walked

3. Third person: I walked

Future Tense:

1. First person: he will walk

2. Second person: I will walk

3. Third person: you will walk

Plural

Instructions: Match each verb form with its correct position by drawing a line to make the match.

Present Tense:

1. First person: they walk

2. Second person: we walk

3. Third person: you walk

Past Tense:

1. First person: we walked

2. Second person: they walked

3. Third person: you walked

Future Tense:

1. First person: you will walk

2. Second person: they will walk

3. Third person: we will walk

Exercise, Verb Forms

What to learn about verb forms:

1. Verb forms have three tenses: present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect.

2. Perfect tenses are the ones that show action that has been completed or will have been completed at a given time.

3. The present perfect tense is formed by using has and have plus the past participle of an action verb.

4. The past perfect tense is formed by using had plus the past participle.

5. The future perfect tense is formed by using will have plus the past participle.

6. Present perfect tense: You have walked home. (Means completed now)

7. Past perfect tense: Greg has walked past the room before. (completed in the past)

8. Future perfect tense: Greg will have walked too far when he get to bridge. (completed in the future)

9. The perfect tenses can show both single and plural subjects in first person, second person, and third person.

Verbs Test

Singular

Instructions: Draw a line to match each verb form with its correct position.

Optional (You may look back for the answers.)

Present Perfect:

1. First person: he has walked

2. Second person: I have walked

3. Third person: you have walked

Past Perfect:

1. First person: I had walked

2. Second person: they had walked

3. Third person: you had walked

Future Perfect:

1. First person: you will have walked

2. Second person: I will have walked

3. Third person: he will have walked

Plural

Instructions: Draw a line to match each verb form with its correct position.

Optional (You may look back for the answers.) You may also write your answers on a tablet or notebook.

Present Perfect:

1. First person: they have walked

2. Second person: you have walked

3. Third person: we have walked

Past Perfect:

1. First person: you had walked

2. Second person: they had walked

3. Third person: we had walked

Future Perfect:

1. First person: they will have walked

2. Second person: we will have walked

3. Third person: you will have walked

Test 4

Instructions: Mark the verbs in the following sentences.

1. Mary swims here every day.

2. Dennis went to see his sisters.

3. Here comes the judge.

4. The movie will start soon.

5. The game will last an hour.

6. Dave lost his wallet.

7. The bird sings sweetly.

8. Willie looks like his father.

9. The river overflowed.

10. He went his own way

Instructions: Mark the verbs in the following sentences:

1. Lucy .plays. here every evening.

2. Willie went with his mother.

3. John stayed at home.

4. Here comes Fred now.

5. The race will begin soon.

6. Your brother will wait here.

7. Sam lost the first race.

8. The moon is shining brightly tonight.

9. Mary looks like her mother.

10. Larry changed his name.

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